Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone derived from the proglucagon gene, primarily secreted by the L-cells of the distal ileum and colon in response to nutrient ingestion. It plays a multifaceted role in metabolic regulation, most notably by enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells while simultaneously suppressing glucagon secretion from alpha cells. This dual action helps maintain glycemic control and prevents postprandial hyperglycemia.
Beyond its pancreatic effects, GLP-1 acts as a powerful satiety signal by slowing gastric emptying and acting on the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus to reduce appetite and food intake. In modern clinical practice, GLP-1 receptor agonists—synthetic analogs that mimic the hormone's effects—are utilized to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. Dietary strategies that naturally boost GLP-1 levels, such as the strategic intake of healthy fats and proteins, are integral to metabolic protocols designed to enhance weight loss and improve insulin sensitivity.
The definitive guide by Russell Clark, FNP-C, APRN